MUSCLE LIST FOR ZOOLOGY 141 LECTURE

Photographic Atlas and Strength Training Anatomy book.

MUSCULOSKELETON LIST FOR ZOOLOGY 141 LAB

The following list is for muscles labeled on the exam musculoskeleton, and on answer key in A&P prep room.  These are optional, but recommended, since it will help the students remember the muscles and their actions better, and they will have to know the information for the lecture.  The students should learn the origins, insertions, and actions.

1. masseter
2. temporal
3. sternocleidomastoid
4. orbicularis oculi
5. pectoralis major
6. deltoid
7. trapezius
8. serratus anterior
9. triceps brachii
10. biceps brachii
11. brachialis
12. brachioradialis
13. adductor longus
14. gluteus maximus
15. rectus femoris
16. iliacus
17. tibialis anterior
18. gastrocnemius
19. biceps femoris
20. gluteus medius

The following structures may be included in Exam #3 (Zoology 141 lab). Structures may be listed as figures in the Photographic Atlas (PA) book (for example, PA5.2 is figure 5.2 in the Photographic Atlas), or as pages in the Strength Training Anatomy (STA) book.

Microscopic anatomy of cartilage, bone, and muscle tissue
In the Photographic Atlas, study figures 2.14, 2.15, 2.17, 3.19-3.21, 3.26-3.39.

Cranial bones (protect brain)
1. frontal bone (PA5.8-5.10, PA5.12-5.13)
2. parietal bones (PA5.9-5.10, PA5.13)
3. occipital bone (PA5.9-5.13)
a. foramen magnum (PA5.11-5.12): spinal cord passes through
b. occipital condyles (PA5.11): form joint with atlas vertebra
4. temporal bones (PA5.9-5.13): forms part of zygomatic arch (PA5.11, PA1.15)
a. external acoustic (auditory) meatus (canal)(PA5.9, PA5.13, PA1.15)
b. mastoid process (PA5.9, PA5.11, PA1.16)
5. sphenoid bone (PA5.8-5.13)
a. sella turcica (PA5.10, PA5.12)
6. ethmoid bone (PA5.8-5.10, PA5.12-5.13)
a. perpendicular plate (PA5.8): forms upper bony part of nasal septum

Major sutures (joints between cranial bones)
1. coronal (PA5.9): between frontal and parietal bones
2. squamosal (PA5.9): between temporal and parietal bones
3. lamdoidal (PA5.9): between occipital and parietal bones

Facial bones
1. nasal bones (PA5.8-5.10)
2. maxilla bone (PA5.8-5.11, PA5.13) = upper jawbone
3. zygomatic bones (PA5.8-5.9, PA5.13) = cheekbones (forms part of zygomatic arch (PA5.11, PA1.15))
4. mandible (PA5.8-5.10, PA5.13, PA5.22-5.23) = lower jawbone
a. angle (PA5.23, PA1.15-1.16)
b. condylar process (PA5.9, 5.23): forms joint with temporal bone
c. coronoid process (PA5.9, 5.23): attachment point for temporalis muscle
d. body (PA5.23): horizontal part of mandible
e. ramus (PA5.23): vertical part of mandible
5. palatine bone (PA5.11)
6. vomer bone (PA5.8, PA5.10): forms lower bony part of nasal septum
7. inferior nasal concha (PA5.8)
8. lacrimal bone (PA5.8-5.9)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in chewing (mastication)
1. muscles that elevate mandible
a. masseter (PA8.6 (shown with upper part removed)): attaches between zygomatic arch (PA5.11, PA1.15) and angle of mandible (PA5.23, PA1.15-1.16)
b. temporalis (PA8.6): attaches between temporal and frontal bones and coronoid process of mandible (PA5.9, PA5.23)
2. joints involved in chewing
temporomandibular joint (PA5.9, 5.23) = condylar process of mandible articulates
with temporal bone (is a hinge and gliding type of synovial joint)

Major muscles involved in closing eyes: orbicularis oculi (PA8.5)

Major muscles involved in closing lips: orbicularis oris (PA8.5)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in flexion of head (PA7.11a)
1. major muscles that flex head
a. sternocleidomastoid, or sternomastoid (PA1.16): attaches between mastoid process of temporal bone (PA5.9) and clavicle and manubrium of sternum (PA5.2-5.3, PA5.35)
2. joints involved in flexion of head
a. atlantooccipital joint (PA5.31) between occipital condyles (PA5.11) and atlas
(PA5.27, PA5.29, PA5.31) (is a condyloid type of synovial joint)
b. cervical intervertebral joints (PA5.31) between superior and inferior articular processes of vertebrae (are gliding type of synovial joint), and intervertebral discs (PA5.30-5.31) (are symphysis type of cartilaginous joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in rotation of head (PA7.12)
1. major muscles that rotate head
a. sternocleidomastoid, or sternomastoid (PA1.16): attaches between mastoid process of temporal bone (PA5.9) and clavicle and manubrium of sternum (PA5.2-5.3, PA5.35)
2. joints involved in rotation of head
a. atlantoaxial joint (PA5.31) between dens (odontoid process) of axis (PA5.27,
PA5.29) and atlas (PA5.27, PA5.29) (is a pivot type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in extension of head (PA7.11a)
1. major muscles that extend head
a. trapezius (PA1.20-1.21): attaches between superior nuchal line of occipital bone (PA5.11) and spinous processes of vertebrae (PA5.28), and clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula (PA6.4)
2. joints involved in extension of head
a. atlantooccipital joint (PA5.31) between occipital condyles (PA5.11) and atlas
(PA5.27, PA5.29) (is a condyloid type of synovial joint)
b. cervical intervertebral joints (PA5.31) between superior and inferior articular processes of vertebrae (are gliding type of synovial joint), and intervertebral discs (PA5.30-5.31) (are symphysis type of cartilaginous joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in elevation of shoulder (STA pages 75-77)
1. major muscles that elevate shoulder
a. trapezius (PA1.20-1.21): attaches from superior nuchal line of occipital bone (PA5.11) and spinous processes of vertebrae (PA5.28), to clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula (PA6.4)
2. joints involved in elevation of shoulder
a. acromioclavicular joint (CSA74) between clavicle and acromion of scapula (PA6.3-6.4, PA1.17)
b. sternoclavicular joint between clavicle and manubrium of sternum (PA5.35)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in abduction of arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint (PA7.11b) (STA pages 24-39)
1. major muscles that abduct arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
a. deltoid (PA1.18-1.21): attaches from clavicle (for anterior deltoid), acromion of scapula (PA6.3-6.4, PA1.17) (for middle deltoid) and spine of scapula (PA6.4) (for posterior deltoid), to deltoid tuberosity of humerus (PA6.6)
2. joints involved in abduction of arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint (PA7.9)
a. glenohumeral (shoulder) joint between head of humerus (PA6.6) and glenoid fossa of scapula (PA6.3-6.4) (is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in flexion of arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint (PA7.10j) (STA pages 42-54)
1. major muscles that flex arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
a. pectoralis major (PA1.17-1.19): attaches from clavicle (clavicular head of muscle) and sternum/costal cartilages (sternal head of muscle) to intertubercular groove of humerus (PA6.6)
2. joints involved in flexion of arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint (PA7.9)
a. glenohumeral (shoulder) joint between head of humerus (PA6.6) and glenoid fossa of scapula (PA6.3-6.4) (is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in extension of arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint (PA7.10k) (STA pages 57-68)
1. major muscles that extend arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
a. latissimus dorsi (PA1.18-1.20): attaches from vertebrae, sacrum (PA5.2-5.3, PA5.33-5.34), iliac crest (crest of the ilium) (PA6.15-6.17), and ribs to intertubercular groove of humerus (PA6.6)
2. joints involved in extension of arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint (PA7.9)
a. glenohumeral (shoulder) joint between head of humerus (PA6.6) and glenoid fossa of scapula (PA6.3-6.4) (is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in external rotation of arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint 
1. major muscles that externally rotate arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint (note that the infraspinatus muscle is one of the rotator cuff muscles that help hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa)
a. infraspinatus (PA1.20): attaches from infraspinous fossa of scapula (PA6.4) to greater tubercle of humerus (PA6.6)
2. joints involved in extension of arm or glenohumeral (shoulder) joint (PA7.9)
a. glenohumeral (shoulder) joint between head of humerus (PA6.6) and glenoid fossa of scapula (PA6.3-6.4) (is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in flexion of forearm or elbow (PA7.11c)
(STA pages 2-10)
1. major muscles that flex forearm or elbow
a. biceps brachii (PA1.19, PA1.21): attaches from coracoid process (for short head of biceps) and glenoid fossa (PA6.3-6.4) (for long head of biceps) of scapula to radial tuberosity of radius (PA6.7, PA6.9)
b. brachialis: attaches between humerus and coronoid process of ulna (not shown)
c. brachioradialis (PA1.19, PA1.21): attaches between humerus and styloid process of radius (PA6.7-6.8, PA6.13)
2. joints involved in flexion of forearm or elbow (is a hinge type of synovial joint)
a. humeroulnar joint between trochlea of humerus (PA6.6) and trochlear notch of ulna (PA6.7)
b. humeroradial joint between capitulum of humerus (PA6.6) and head of radius (PA6.7-6.8)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in extension of forearm or elbow (PA7.11c)
(STA pages 13-22)
1. major muscles that extend forearm or elbow
a. triceps brachii (PA1.18-1.19, PA1.21): attaches from humerus (for lateral and medial heads of triceps) and infraglenoid tubercle of scapula (PA6.3) (for long head of triceps) to olecranon of ulna (PA6.7-6.8)
2. joints involved in flexion of forearm or elbow (is a hinge type of synovial joint)
a. humeroulnar joint between trochlea of humerus (PA6.6) and trochlear notch of ulna (PA6.7)
b. humeroradial joint between capitulum of humerus (PA6.6) and head of radius (PA6.7-6.8)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in supination of forearm (PA7.13) (STA page 2)
1. major muscles that supinate forearm
a. biceps brachii (PA1.19, PA1.21): attaches from coracoid process (for short head of biceps) and glenoid fossa (PA6.3-6.4) (for long head of biceps) of scapula to radial tuberosity of radius (PA6.7, PA6.9)
2. joints involved in supination of forearm
a. proximal radioulnar joint (PA7.7) between head of radius and radial notch of ulna (PA6.7-6.9) (is a pivot type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in pronation of forearm (PA7.13)
1. major muscles that pronate forearm
a. pronator teres: attaches from medial epicondyle of humerus (PA1.19, PA6.6, PA6.9) to radius (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.7- PA6.9)
2. joints involved in pronation of forearm
a. proximal radioulnar joint (PA7.7) between head of radius and radial notch of ulna (PA6.7-6.9) (is a pivot type of synovial joint)

 Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in flexion of hand or wrist (PA7.10c)
(STA page 12)
1. major muscles that flex hand or wrist
a. flexor carpi radialis (PA1.22, PA1.24): attaches from medial epicondyle of humerus (PA1.19, PA6.6, PA6.9) to metacarpals (PA6.12-6.13)
b. flexor carpi ulnaris: attaches from medial epicondyle of humerus (PA1.19, PA6.6, PA6.9) to metacarpals (PA6.12-6.13) and carpals (PA6.12-6.13)
c. palmaris longus (PA1.22, PA1.24): attaches from medial epicondyle of humerus (PA1.19, PA6.6, PA6.9) to palmar aponeurosis
2. joints involved in flexion of hand or wrist
a. radiocarpal joint between radius and carpal bones (PA7.6a, PA7.20) (is a condyloid type of synovial joint)
b. intercarpal joints between carpal bones (PA7.6a) (are gliding type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in extension of hand or wrist (PA7.10j)
(STA page 11)
1. major muscles that extend hand or wrist
a. extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (PA1.21, PA1.25): attaches from lateral epicondyle of humerus (PA1.21, PA6.6, PA6.9) to metacarpals (PA6.12-6.13)
b. extensor carpi ulnaris: attaches from lateral epicondyle of humerus (PA1.21, PA6.6, PA6.9) to metacarpals (PA6.12-6.13)
2. joints involved in extension of hand or wrist
a. radiocarpal joint between radius and carpal bones (PA7.6a, PA7.20) (is a condyloid type of synovial joint)
b. intercarpal joints between carpal bones (PA7.6a) (are gliding type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in flexion of fingers (PA7.10c) (STA page 12)
1. major superficial muscles that flex fingers
a. flexor digitorum superficialis (PA1.24): attaches from medial epicondyle of humerus (PA1.19, PA6.6, PA6.9) to middle phalanges (PA6.12-6.13)
2. joints involved in flexion of fingers
a. interphalangeal joints between phalanges bones (PA7.6a) (are hinge type of synovial joint)
b. metacarpophalangeal joints between metacarpals and phalanges bones (PA7.6a)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in extension of fingers (PA7.10j)
1. major superficial muscles that extend fingers
a. extensor digitorum (PA1.21, PA1.23): attaches from lateral epicondyle of humerus (PA1.21, PA6.6, PA6.9) to distal and middle phalanges (PA6.12-6.13)
2. joints involved in extension of fingers
a. interphalangeal joints between phalanges bones (PA7.6a) (are hinge type of synovial joint)
b. metacarpophalangeal joints between metacarpals and phalanges bones (PA7.6a)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in flexion of the vertebral column (PA7.10h)
(STA pages 109-124)
1. major superficial muscles that flex the vertebral column
a. rectus abdominis (PA1.17, CSA191, CSA page iv): attaches from pubic symphysis and crest (PA6.15, PA6.18) to costal cartilages and xiphoid process of sternum (PA5.35)
b. external oblique (PA1.17-1.18, CSA191-192, CSA page iv): attaches from ribs (PA5.35-5.36) to iliac crest (crest of the ilium) (PA6.15-6.17, CSA213)
2. joints involved in flexion of the vertebral column
a. intervertebral joints (PA5.31) between superior and inferior articular processes of vertebrae (are gliding type of synovial joint), and intervertebral discs (PA5.30-5.31) (are symphysis type of cartilaginous joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in extension of the vertebral column (PA7.10i)
(STA page 73)
1. major superficial muscles that extend the vertebral column
a. erector spinae (PA1.20): attaches between ribs, spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae (PA5.28), iliac crest (PA6.15-6.17)
2. joints involved in flexion of the vertebral column
a. intervertebral joints (PA5.31) between superior and inferior articular processes of vertebrae (are gliding type of synovial joint), and intervertebral discs (PA5.30-5.31) (are symphysis type of cartilaginous joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in extension of thigh or hip (PA7.10k)
(STA pages 100-103)
1. major muscles that extend thigh or hip (note that the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles constitute the hamstrings muscle group)
a. gluteus maximus (PA1.28-1.29): attaches from iliac crest (crest of the ilium) (PA6.15-6.17) and sacrum(PA6.15-6.16) to linea aspera of femur (PA6.20) and iliotibial tract, which connects to lateral condyle of tibia (PA6.22-6.23)
b. biceps femoris (PA1.28-1.29): attaches from ischial tuberosity (for long head of biceps) (PA6.17) and femur (for short head of biceps) (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.20) to head of fibula (PA6.22-6.23)
c. semimembranosus (PA1.27): attaches from ischial tuberosity (PA6.17) to medial condyle of tibia (PA6.22-6.23)
d. semitendinosus (PA1.27-1.28): attaches from ischial tuberosity (PA6.17) to tibia (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23)
2. joints involved in extension of thigh or hip
a. hip joint (PA6.19, PA7.21) between head of femur (PA6.20) and acetabulum of coxal (hip) bone (PA6.15-6.17) (is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in abduction of thigh or hip (PA7.10d)
(STA pages 104-107)
1. major superficial muscles that abduct thigh or hip
a. gluteus medius: attaches from ilium (PA6.15-6.18) to greater trochanter of femur (PA6.20)
b. tensor fasciae latae (PA1.29): attaches from iliac crest (crest of the ilium) (PA6.15-6.17) to iliotibial tract, which connects to lateral condyle of tibia (PA6.22-6.23)
2. joints involved in extension of thigh or hip
a. hip joint (PA6.19, PA7.21) between head of femur (PA6.20) and acetabulum of coxal (hip) bone (PA6.15-6.17) (is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in adduction of thigh or hip (PA7.10e)
(STA pages 91-92)
1. major superficial muscles that adduct thigh or hip
a. pectineus: attaches from pubis (PA6.15-6.18) to femur (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.20)
b. adductor longus (CSA222, CSA page iv): attaches from pubis (PA6.15-6.18) to femur (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.20)
c. adductor magnus (PA1.27): attaches from ischium (PA6.16-6.18) to femur (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.20)
d. gracilis (PA1.27-1.28): attaches from pubic symphysis (PA6.15) to tibia (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23)
2. joints involved in adduction of thigh or hip
a. hip joint (PA6.19, PA7.21) between head of femur (PA6.20) and acetabulum of coxal (hip) bone (PA6.15-6.17) (is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in extension of leg or knee (PA7.11f)
(STA page 86)
1. major superficial muscles that extend leg or knee (note that the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis muscles constitute three of the four muscles in the quadriceps femoris muscle group)
a. rectus femoris (PA1.26-1.27, PA1.29): attaches from anterior inferior iliac spine (PA6.17-6.18) to patella (PA5.2), patellar ligament, and then tibial tuberosity (PA6.22)
b. vastus lateralis (PA1.26, PA1.28-1.29): attaches from femur (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.20) to patella, patellar ligament, and then tibial tuberosity (PA6.22)
c. vastus medialis (PA1.26-1.27): attaches from linea aspera of femur (PA6.20) to patella, patellar ligament, and then tibial tuberosity (PA6.22)
2. joints involved in extension of leg or knee
a. tibiofemoral (knee) joint. (PA7.22-7.26, PA7.29) between condyles of femur (medial and lateral) (PA7.24, PA7.26, PA7.29) and tibia (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in flexion of leg or knee (PA7.11f)
(STA pages 87-89)
1. major superficial muscles that flex leg or knee
a. biceps femoris (PA1.28-1.29): attaches from ischial tuberosity (for long head of biceps) (PA6.17) and femur (for short head of biceps) (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.20) to head of fibula (PA6.22-6.23)
b. semimembranosus (PA1.27): attaches from ischial tuberosity (PA6.17) to medial condyle of tibia (PA6.22-6.23)
c. semitendinosus (PA1.27-1.28): attaches from ischial tuberosity (PA6.17) to tibia (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23)
d. gastrocnemius (PA1.31-1.33): attaches from medial condyle of femur (medial head of muscle) (PA7.24, PA7.26, PA7.29) and lateral condyle of femur (lateral head of muscle) (PA7.24, PA7.26, PA7.29) to Achilles tendon (tendo callcaneus) and calcaneus (calcaneum) (PA1.31-1.33, PA6.26-6.28, PA7.27)
2. joints involved in flexion of leg or knee
a. tibiofemoral (knee) joint (PA7.22-7.26, PA7.29) between condyles of femur (medial and lateral) (PA7.24, PA7.26, PA7.29) and tibia (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23)

Major muscles, joints, and bones involved in plantar flexion of foot or ankle (PA7.10j, PA7.11f) (STA pages 93-97)
1. major muscles that plantar flex foot or ankle
a. gastrocnemius (PA1.31-1.33): attaches from medial condyle of femur (medial head of muscle) (PA7.24, PA7.26, PA7.29) and lateral condyle of femur (lateral head of muscle) (PA7.24, PA7.26, PA7.29) to Achilles tendon (tendo callcaneus) and calcaneus (calcaneum) (PA1.31-1.33, PA6.26-6.28, PA7.27)
2. joints involved in plantar flexion of foot or ankle
a. talocrural (ankle) joint (PA6.27-6.28, PA7.27) between tibia / fibula (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23) and talus (PA6.26-6.28, PA7.27). Note that this joint is supported on the side by the medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula (PA6.22-6.23).

Major superficial muscles, joints, and bones involved in dorsiflexion and inversion of foot or ankle (PA7.11f)
1. major muscles that dorsiflex and invert foot or ankle
a. tibialis anterior (PA1.30, PA1.33): attaches from tibia (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23) to tarsal and metatarsal bones (PA6.26-6.28)
2. joints involved in dorsiflexion and inversion of foot or ankle
a. talocrural (ankle) joint (PA6.27-6.28, PA7.27) between tibia / fibula (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23) and talus (PA6.26-6.28, PA7.27). Note that this joint is supported on the side by the medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula (PA6.22-6.23).

Major superficial muscles, joints, and bones involved in eversion of foot or ankle
1. major muscles that evert foot or ankle
a. peroneus longus (PA1.33): attaches from tibia and fibula (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23) to tarsal and metatarsal bones (PA6.26-6.28)
2. joints involved in eversion of foot or ankle
a. talocrural (ankle) joint (PA6.27-6.28, PA7.27) between tibia / fibula (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23) and talus (PA6.26-6.28, PA7.27). Note that this joint is supported on the side by the medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula (PA6.22-6.23).

Major superficial muscles, joints, and bones involved in extension of toes
1. major muscles that extend toes
a. extensor digitorum longus (PA1.30, PA1.33): attaches from tibia and fibula (PA5.2-5.3, PA6.22-6.23) to middle and distal phalanges bones (PA6.26)
2. joints involved in extension of toes
a. interphalangeal joints between phalanges bones (PA7.6b) (are hinge type of synovial joint)

Zool 141L palpable muscle and bone feature
Show the actions and location of the following muscles and attachments.
1. elevation of the mandible: masseter
a. zygomatic arch
b. angle of mandible
2. elevation of the mandible: temporalis
3. closing of eyes: orbicularis oculi
4. closing of lips: orbicularis oris
5. flexion and rotation of head: sternocleidomastoid
a. mastoid process of temporal bone
b. manubrium of sternum
6. extension of head, elevation of shoulders: trapezius
a. superior nuchal line of occipital bone
b. acromion and spine of scapula
c. spinous processes of vertebrae
7. abduction of arm: deltoid
a. deltoid tuberosity of humerus
8. flexion of arm: pectoralis major
9. extension of arm: latissimus dorsi
a. iliac crest
b. sacrum
10. external rotation of arm: infraspinatus
a. infraspinous fossa of scapula
11. flexion of forearm: biceps brachii
12. flexion of forearm: brachioradialis
a. styloid process of radius
13. extension of forearm: triceps brachii
a. olecranon of ulna

Zool 141L palpable muscle and bone feature quiz #2
Show the actions and location of the following muscles and attachments.
1. flexion of wrist: flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus tendons; flexor carpi ulnaris
a. medial epicondyle of humerus
b. carpals, metacarpals
2. extension of wrist: extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
a. lateral epicondyle of humerus
b. metacarpals
3. flexion of fingers: flexor digitorum superficialis tendon
a. medial epicondyle of humerus
b. middle phalanges
4. extension of fingers: extensor digitorum
a. lateral epicondyle of humerus
b. distal and middle phalanges
5. flexion of vertebral column: rectus abdominis
a. pubic symphysis and crest
b. costal cartilages
c. xiphoid process of sternum
6. flexion of vertebral column: external oblique
a. ribs
b. iliac crest
7. extension of vertebral column: erector spinae
a. iliac crest
b. spinous processes of vertebrae
8. extension of hip: gluteus maximus
a. iliac crest
b. sacrum
c. iliotibial tract --> lateral condyle of tibia
9. extension of hip, flexion of knee: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus tendons
a. ischial tuberosity
b. head of fibula
10. abduction of hip: gluteus medius
a. iliac crest
b. greater trochanter of femur
11. abduction of hip: tensor fasciae latae
a. iliac crest
b. iliotibial tract --> lateral condyle of tibia
12. adduction of hip: gracilis
13. extension of knee: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
a. patella --> patellar ligament --> tibial tuberosity
14. flexion of knee, plantar flexion of ankle: gastrocnemius
a. Achilles tendon --> calcaneus
15. dorsiflexion of ankle, inversion of ankle: tibialis anterior
a. tibia
b. tarsals, metatarsals
16. eversion of ankle: peroneus longus tendon (behind lateral malleolus)
a. tarsal, metatarsals
17. extension of toes: extensor digitorum longus tendons